The Women of Colonial Latin America

The Book is rich with topics describing opportunities and challenges that shaped the lives of women in Latin America influenced by Spain and Portugal. Engagingly written by Socolow the book can be a very useful reference for teachers of Latin American Studies. The piece abounds with historical information covering effects of conquests, colonization, and settlement of colonial women. It looks into the various roles played by women stressing on their responsibilities and duties as well as their limitations.It gives light as to how factors like race, social status, occupation and environment among others affect women in every circumstance. I would say the piece is one whole powerful presentation. Socolow being a member of the gender in discussion gives weight to the whole intellectual experience. The book might have a different feel if it was written by a man. Socolow made sure that she started her book with an attention grabbing Introduction. I think everyone who has read would agree t hat it is very effective.It is very perceptive but not overly dramatic, it hands the reader all the needed information to the last detail but not to the point that it becomes dreary. The author can be likened to a professional cab driver – expertly maneuvering a vehicle full of passengers to an intended destination. Chapter One, Iberian Women in the Old World and the New is an interesting historical account of how key players in history changed women’s role across time.Chapter Two, Before Columbus: Women in Indigenous America and Africa is an enlightening and at the same time intriguing description of history. Chapter Three, Conquest and Colonization documents the hardships and brutality experienced by women during war. All the other Chapters namely Women, Marriage, and Family, Elite Women, The Brides of Christ and Other Religious Women, Women and Work, Women and Slavery, Women and Social Deviance: Crime, Witchcraft, and Rebellion, Women and Enlightenment Reform bear t he same keen observation and consistency of purpose.The book seems just historical at first but it has more than just historical information. I would say it is a must read – for those who wants to understand how the role of women evolve from early Spanish conquest to what it is presently. The author use easy and simple language that her ideas just flow from page to page. All in all – Socolow’s ‘The Women of Colonial Latin America: New Approaches to the Americas’ is a rich book that surely gets its reader’s hooked.

Effective Time Management Essay

Through the use of modern technology, businesses have an easier way of collaboration. However, with this easier method of collaboration, this means the potential of being a busier business professional. Within a business management system, there is the constant need of needing to have effective time management within the organization. A key priority to effective time management is to identify and correct time wasters. One type of time wasters is an external environment. External time wasters are interactions that occur between two business professionals. The interactions can be between anyone outside and inside the organization, regardless of who it is within the organization (co-workers, managers, business partners, etc. ). A very common means of communication is the telephone. While telephones can be necessary for communicating, they can lead to distraction of issues that are not part of the core task or completely unnecessary (Cooper, 2000. )A key function of time management, regardless of the communication method is to make sure it affectively addresses the task of getting things done. In the case of inbound phone calls, it is imperative to thing and prioritizes as one speaks. When dealing with complex and time-consuming answers, the receiver of the inbound call should tell the caller about how the answer is complex. It is then important to determine from the caller when the receiver should call he or she back to discuss more of the complex answer. In addition it is imperative to paraphrase and summarize the key points while being on the phone. This serves two functions. One of them is that it keeps someone who either chats or strays away from important points of business communications. The second is that it focuses on establishing the key agenda for a business meeting. Another example of a common external environment distraction is email. For the busy business professional, there can be a time of literally going through hundreds of emails a day. When developing a simple and effective email reference system, it is necessary to understand the difference between reference information and action information. Reference information refers to receiving emails that are not required to complete an action. The purpose of reference information is the storing of emails that can be used later (Sapadin, 2006. ) The stored emails can either be an email folder or somewhere easily accessible (such as a documents folder, intranet site, etc. ) Action information is emails that are necessary for completing a task or project. These types of information are stored in a to-do list or a scheduled calendar. In order to effectively communicate via email, it is fundamental to have an easy method of transferring messages from the email inbox into an email reference system. Once there is a successful way of filing referenced information, emails that has an action item can be concentrated on. In addition to having an effective organizational system for email, it is necessary to schedule an uninterrupted time for processing and organizing email. When processing email, it is valuable to use the â€Å"Four Ds for Decision-Making† model. This tool is valuable for processing email and deciding if it is actionable, reference material, or not necessary. (Allen, 2001. )The 4D’s of the decision making model are deleting, doing, delegating, or defer it. With deleting, it can create the fear of deleting an email for important items. However, it is absolutely necessary to determine if the information is honestly usable for the email receiver. In order to determine if it is usable, the first step is to see if the objective is meaningful. The next step is to determine if the information is not available elsewhere. Then, it is to be determined if the information is to be used within the next six months. Finally, the last step is to determine if there is required information to keep. If the answers to all of these steps are â€Å"no,† the best action is to delete it. With the doing part of the 4D model, it is to be determined if an action can take less than two minutes. If it can, then the email receiver should simply complete the task. Delegating can yield to great help within the decision making model. If the task can take longer than two minutes and someone would be available to complete the task, it would be best to hand the message to the recipient. Let’s suppose that the email can’t involve doing, deleting or delegating it. Then, the next step would be to defer the task. Once deferring a message, it can be turned into either an actionable task or an appointment (which can be handled within an email suite such as Microsoft Outlook. ) Time wasters can also be within an internal environment. These characteristics can include procrastination, poor scheduling, and lack of self-discipline. It can also include failure to plan, set priorities, or delegate. The first step towards the right direction of internal time wasters is to set a goal. That way a destination is set in order to make the best use of time. When setting goals, they should be put in writing and reviewed frequently. From these goals, a daily â€Å"to-do† list should be used within the workplace. By referencing Italian economist Vilfredo Pareto’s 80/20 rule , 80 percent of what happens in the workplace is the result of 20 percent effort. This would mean by incorporating goals, someone can be 80 percent effective, by simply accomplishing completion for 20 percent of goals. In order to be effective, it is necessary to concentrate on the most important items first. When scheduling, a block of time should be reserved without interruption (Sandberg, 2004. ) With the power of habit, it makes accomplishing a to-do list more doable. When facing big projects, it is easier to break them into more manageable sizes. A common overlooked goal setting is to forget scheduling long-term goals. Those are also important as they relate to the health and relationship of individuals. In conclusion, sometimes saying â€Å"no† is needed when someone is overwhelmed to more jobs than he or she is committed to. References Allen, D. (2001). Getting things done: the art of stress-free productivity. New York: Viking. Cooper, C. L. , & Rousseau, D. M. (2000). Time in Organizational Behaviour. Chichester: Wiley. Sandberg, Jared â€Å"Though Time-Consuming, To-Do Lists Are a Way of Life†. 2004, September 10) The Wall Street Journal. Sapadin, L. (2006, August 30). Time management. Washingtonpost. com. Retrieved from http://go. galegroup. com. db24. linccweb. org/ps/i. do? id=GALE%7CA150674268 &v=2. 1&u=lincclin_spjc&it=r&p=AONE&sw=w

Saint-Boniface Museum Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Saint-Boniface Museum - Research Paper Example It has also provided a map that assists strangers to find its location (St. Boniface Museum). Products and collections There is a variety of products or collections and services offered by the museum. The collections found in the museum include medical equipment, archaeological pieces, Louis Riel’s coffin, domestic and furnishing accessories, a Red River cart replica, the first bell of the church in the West, educational and religious artifacts, and trade and agricultural tools (St. Boniface Museum). In the archives, there are photographs while, in the decorative arts, there are musical instruments, furniture or furnishings and textiles or tapestries. Under fine arts, there is the Canadian culture, painting, sculpture, folk art and religious art (St. Boniface Museum). The collections under human history include; Time-keeping devices or clocks Furniture or furnishings Communication devices Imaging (photographs) Medals Local history Domestic technology or household objects Maps, charts, blueprints or plans Spots equipment Weapons Transportation Memorabilia Toys and games Religious or liturgical objects, and Non-motorized ground Biological collections, found under natural sciences, include plants and animals. There exists zoology, mammals (Mammalia), birds (Aves) and vertebrates (St. Boniface Museum). Services and activities Self-guided or guided tours, school visits, exhibits, treasure boxes for seniors, school programs, and consulting services Educational programs- lectures, family programs and school programs Visitor services- children activities or services (playground, change table or nursing area), bilingual services, exceptional needs facilities (wheelchair access, signs and washrooms), guided tours (English and French), a public transportation accessibility, washrooms, gift shop, parking facilities (bus), and cloakroom Volunteer services- there is availability of volunteer training. The number of volunteers should be twelve. Activities: board member ship Food services- catering services Internet services- virtual exhibitions, education, local history, online gift-shop or bookstore, directions or maps, and school visits or programs Market trends and patterns The museum (Saint Boniface) is a non-profit organization. All the benefits or profits received from any purchase made become used to support the museum (St. Boniface Museum). It has advertisers and sponsors who support it in marketing and financial matters. Some of the tradeshow participants are; the Canadian Association of Professional Conservators, Cibinel Architects Limited, Dorfman Museum Figures, Color Art Supply and Framing, Maker Technical Sculpture Services, and others (St. Boniface Museum). The museum has a gift shop that offers various gifts, souvenirs and heritage themed items with a link to cultures of Metis and French and the fur trade. Some unique merchandise available in the shop includes the famous voyageur shirts and sashes in different qualities, sizes and patterns (St. Boniface Museum). There are also traditional toys, local foods, small Red River carts (hand-made), gifts made locally by hands, and Quebec Maple Syrup products. Items, which are exclusive, to the museum shop consist of polar fleece scarves, Louis Riel T-shirts, cards, Metis mugs and posters (St. Boniface

Latino Culture Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Latino Culture - Research Paper Example Further, Latinos have considerably different histories, cultural approaches and contemporary social problems (Suarez-Orozco & Paez, 2008). â€Å"Latinos are not a simple racial or ethnic group, but they are the product of a distinctive civil society† (Hayes-Bautista, 2005, p.5). Latinos are generally described by governmental policy models as: a racial group, a language group, a group with strong affilitation to their traditional culture, a dysfunctional minority group, or an urban underclass. However, the core element of Latinos is the continued presence of a Latino civil society, which provides Latino children with their initial experiences in the social world, teaches them right and wrong, duty, early concepts of civic responsibility, and first notions of personal identity. There is a great heterogeneity among the different groups of Latinos, their experiences depending on various factors such as â€Å"race, color, gender, socio-economic status, language, immigrant status, and mode of incorporation into the United States† (Suarez-Orozco & Paez, 2008, p.4). The social practices and cultural models of multiculturalism contribute to the experiences, perceptions and the range of behaviors of both immigrant and native-born Latinos in ways unprecedented during earlier large-scale immigration. The racial and ethnic categorization of Latinos has high stakes political and economic implications such as civil rights, equal opportunities, and affirmative action. Mainland Puerto Ricans and immigrant Dominicans indicate a high level of transnationalism, evident in the economic, political and cultural strategies adopted by diasporic people. They lead double lives with double loyalties, living alternately between their island and the mainland; remitting large sums of money to their homeland, continue to participate in political processes there, and periodically visit their homeland to maintain their social and cultural ties. Transnational behavior, and alternately

How to use the knowledge the effective business communication Effect Essay

How to use the knowledge the effective business communication Effect the future injobs and colleges - Essay Example E-mails that are sent out in an organization need to be written and sent in a manner which could easily be read and understood by the right mix of audiences that work within an organization. This means that the language used should be readable and easy to interpret. (Jackson, 2007) Any organization would dearly want to have employees who could make out from a variety of different Internet languages, which also brings to light the notion of understanding and comprehending the ‘net lingo’ – the mix of informal Internet language and the common, daily use terms like ‘hey’, ‘u’, ‘f9’ and so on. Different persuasions come across within business communication tenets. One is based on the direct persuasive abilities while others are more sedate and passive in nature. Similarly, messages might range from a formal nature to one of an informal one. Job search mechanisms within an organization might become significant when there is a need to hire new employees. For this process, cover letters and resumes are checked upon so that aspiring candidates could be called upon and given a chance to express their strengths in the interview sessions. A successful communication system is achieved by training and assistance for the employees within their offices and work places. Be a company in Calcutta, Brisbane or Hong Kong, it is necessary for the company owners to understand the need for a solid platform for all people within it, the ones interacting with it and all the rest to talk freely and express the ideas and share the thoughts which are so very necessary for the development of ties among different branch outlets of a company and more than that, the people within them. There is a need for a code-breaker within the business, which understands what the other person is saying and what he/she is trying to pass through his/her judgments, more so

The Role of Nurses in the Prevention, Care, and Management of Suicide Essay

The Role of Nurses in the Prevention, Care, and Management of Suicide - Essay Example The first section of the paper identifies the nature and symptoms of suicide. Nurses should be aware of the nature, signs and symptoms of suicide and the factors contributing to suicide risk. Determining who are at risk should be done immediately to prevent suicide, thus the second part of this paper determines the preventive measures that must be done to control the situation. The third part discusses the proper care for patients at risk of suicide. Although care for patients with suicide tendency is the main responsibility of psychologists and psychiatrists, nurses contribute to the wellness of the patients and the continuity of the recovery program. The fifth part suggests follow up actions that nurses can perform to ensure complete recovery of patients with suicide tendency. The sixth part gives the conclusion and summarises all the important points in the prevention, care and management of suicide cases in the hospital setting. The role of the nurse in the prevention, care, and management of suicide among hospital patients is very significant. The nurses are the ones who have the most direct and frequent contact with the patients, thus they may affect the mood and emotional condition of patients with suicide tendency. The case of suicidal patients is very sensitive, thus nurses should be equipped with the relevant knowledge and skills to identify and care for patients attempting to commit suicide.... e case of suicidal patients is very sensitive, thus nurses should be equipped with the relevant knowledge and skills to identify and care for patients attempting to commit suicide. The number of suicide cases in the UK has decreased in the past years (Joint Commission Resources 2007). Nevertheless, this does not make suicide less of a problem. The World Health Organisation declared suicide as a major global health concern, accounting for approximately one million cases worldwide annually (Voice of America 2009). Currently, it is one of the three leading causes of death for young people under 25. This rate makes suicide a serious problem in the field of health care. To address this issue, patients with suicide tendency should be identified right away for counselling and other relevant interventions. In the hospital level, nurses can help to address the problem by assessing and reporting the behaviour of patients. Therefore, it is necessary for nurses to know the signs of suicide to ef fectively act and elicit efforts from the concerned people to initiate prevention of suicide attempts and manage proper care of the patient. Currently, only a few nursing studies have addressed suicide specifically (Fitzpatrick and Wallace 2005; Bryan and Rudd 2011). Study and assessment of suicide cases revealed poor patient assessment, limited communication, and knowledge deficit of professional staff about suicide. In this regard, it is imperative for every nurse or health worker in general to be aware of the behavioural signs that can manifest as part of suicide risk. Also, it is important to understand the nature of suicide ideation and the factors that could lead a person to commit suicide. Suicide Prevention Suicide ideation or tendency results usually from depression. When people

Indias Criminal Justice System and Terrorism Essay

Indias Criminal Justice System and Terrorism - Essay Example India’s criminal justice system has improved a great deal when compared to the system in effect during the fourth century B.C. India during this period had a very strict penal system which involved death and mutilation as punishment for even minor offenses. Nevertheless, there are many improvements to be made in the system so that it will become more effective. A possible improvement could include eliminating corruption within legislation by sharing powers equally among the three branches of government. India’s government can strengthen its criminal justice system by providing more courtrooms and judges to rule and pass sentence upon the increasing number of cases. The judiciary system should ensure that cases are handled in a timely fashion and fairly. That way it would ensure all persons, who have been accused, a right to a quick and fair trial. The threat of terrorism has become a continuous global threat. India should take further measures in the future to prevent further instances by admitting and enforcing stricter laws and penalties against any act of or relating to terrorism. Frankly, this country cannot afford not to be more proactive against this outbreak of national and world wide terrorism. India’s court system declares that a â€Å"criminal justice system could not function without the cooperation of its people.†

The Impact Of The Repeal Of Dont Ask Dont Tell Policies On Military Research Paper

The Impact Of The Repeal Of Dont Ask Dont Tell Policies On Military Families - Research Paper Example As the military grapples with the issue of changes in policy, the sociological effects will also be an issue. The nature of the policy, however, has been a failure causing problems within the secrecy that has been created. Change has become necessary in order to facilitate a safer, and more enlightened environment in which the military can move past this issue and make it a non-issue, a standard of acceptance in which sexual orientation is a moot point, but conduct is standard for all personnel who accept that their sexual nature must be kept out of their service. Through aggressively taking down the level of sexual harassment and eliminating sexual displays of dominance, the military can become a more solid and unified organization in which men and women are safe and honorably treated with respect. The following study through secondary research will examine the nature of the ‘don’t ask don’t tell’ policy and the ways in which the repeal is a necessary meas ure. Through understanding the ways in which the sociological nature of the military will undergo changes, this will be related to the ways in which the repeal of the law will impact military families. ... he ‘don’t ask don’t tell policy, creating a background for the controversy and then relating the information to the effect that the repeal of this policy will have on military families. As the issue is intertwined with those who support political factions that support the ‘family values’ platform, the new policies and philosophies that will be included in the sociology of military life will have some form of impact on families within the military. The paper will be structured with a history of the military philosophies on homosexuality and the consequences of those philosophies. The research will reveal the way in which the policy was successful and unsuccessful, thus creating context from which to determine how the repeal of the policy will affect members of the military. Finally, the paper will make a brief exploration of the ways in which homosexual openness has affected family life in the United States, including the effects that other social poli cy changes in regard to homosexuality has effected sociological structures and experiences within society. The paper will conclude with a discussion of all of the elements of the research, providing an in-depth analysis of the topic. The research will be approached through secondary methods of study, the relevant literature searched in order to find contributing information to the topic. The first method of research will be conducted through Google Books, where relevant key words will be put into a the search in order to find relatable information. The nature of the discovered work will be put into context with the reliability of the information. Not all of the information that is used will be from reliable sources as some of the search will entail finding controversial opinions, but those pieces will be

Business Information Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Business Information Systems - Essay Example As the demand for BMW products increases, the firm has benefited from a positive relationship with its customers including non boat owners. To ensure that its operations are smooth and that the needs of its customers are met, BMW emulates various departments that include finance, warehousing, manufacturing, human resources, marketing, and distribution among others. In order to remain competitive in the UK market, the company has embarked on an expansion plan that will result to increased number of investors. In addition, the company has embarked on adoption of technology that will be vital in curbing the various problems that are currently been experienced in the manufacturing, design, human resources and customer care departments. This paper seeks to discuss how BMW can use technology to address managerial and other issues that is affecting its operations. Enterprises Resource Planning (ERP) One of the major issues that are experienced in the warehouses is the uncertainty in the del ivery of raw materials. As a result, the workers in the production facilities are not sure on when to start working on any order as specified by the consumers. One of the major strategies that BMW should adopt in order to improve the rate of information flow from external stakeholders including the suppliers who are based in Middle East and Far East is enterprises resource planning (ERP). ERP is a vital information system that enhances the flow of information between all the departments within a firm as well as with other stakeholders (O’Brien, 1999). Based on the need to satisfy its customers by providing their products in a timely manner, it is imperative for BMW to put in place a two-tier ERP. This entails use of software and hardware that will allow the company to run two ERP concurrently. For example, BMW should establish production centers in various regions thus reducing the time taken to deliver the raw materials to the main production center. Similarly, the company s hould establish a database that has the information such as the telephone numbers of the individuals responsible to delivering the raw materials as well as their emails. In this way, the company will be in a position to track the transportation of raw materials from the suppliers to the subsidiaries production centers or to the main production center. Cost benefit analysis and online accounts Being a manufacturing company, BMW should not overlook the composition of their workforce. Key problem that is currently been experienced in the manufacturing department is that it is unclear how many staff the company require to meet the increased demand for its products. To address this issue, it is vital for BMW to emulate an effective scheduling of its activities. This entails allocating each of the employees a particular task and the actual time that it requires for it to be accomplished. To identify the number of workers required in the manufacturing department, it is essential for the su pervisors to undertake a cost-benefit analysis that entails computing the cost of producing a single component and the benefits arising (Laudonet al, 2009). This can be done by determining the hourly wage for the employees and the sales arising from the products. In this way, the supervisors will notice the components that are generating more profits thus increasing the number of staff. To identify individuals with the necessary skills, it is fundamental to come up with clear job description.

Leadership - Steve Jobs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Leadership - Steve Jobs - Essay Example They also possess intelligence and charisma, which enables them to navigate the difficult operational environments (Kurian 2012 p. 2). The sole purpose of a leader is to provide leadership, direction and dependence. The leader should also have the capabilities to encourage and stimulate people. Different qualities distinguish leaders from other people. There is an early recognition of leaders and their importance in society. According to the trait theory, the early assumptions and recognitions of leadership were based on personal characteristics known as individual attributes. Alternative theories of leadership introduced different strategies for approaching leadership (Kurian 2012 p. 2). These had their basis on the notions of the driving force of leadership. These theories showed that an individual who excelled in one leadership position might not shine, in other leadership positions. These theories led to the realization that leadership cannot be characterized as enduring individu al traits. This means that people may posit, in certain situations (Kurian 2012 p. 3). However, the trait theory is a crucial leadership theory that helps, in the comprehension of people’s capabilities in different situations that require leadership. This is because individual traits such as adjustment, astuteness, extraversion, carefulness, self-efficacy and directness to different experiences support an individual, in different situations. Steve Jobs Leadership Approach Steve Jobs can be characterized as an unconventional leader. His leadership styles and approaches were successful, in his environment. Steve Jobs’ leadership and management styles and approaches were not based on textbook materials (Kurian 2012 p. 3). For instance, he was not keen on consensus building approaches or consultations. He exhibited the characteristics of a high maintenance co-worker who demanded excellence and consistency from his staff. He used criticism as a tool for leadership and insti lling discipline among his workers (Kurian 2012 p. 6). His abilities to articulate his vision and motivate his staff towards the achievement of his ideas endeared him to his staff and business society. He also combined this ability with his sheer genius to articulate his vision. These were crucial in pulling his customers to purchase his products. A turning point in his career was the lessons learnt, in his career setbacks. This created the elements of visionary leader that were a characteristic of his ideas and innovations. His relations to his firm, Apple, have often been described as visionary. Decision-making and strategizing were crucial approaches used by Steve Jobs in his marketing and management approaches (Kurian 8). The trait theory is a prominent theory with the case of Steve Jobs. For instance, Steve Jobs was a stickler to discipline and excellence. Other people such as his former CEO found it difficult to work with him, in the same environment. In 1985, John Sculley, hi s former CEO stripped Jobs off his responsibilities and powers at the firm (Kurian 9). He also had the characteristics of taking new challenges and transforming previously underperforming firms into multinationals. For instance, he bought Pixar and changed it to a global animation company. According to Walter Isaacson, the theory of transformational leadership applies to the case of Steve

The Mill on the Floss - Simbolistic approach Essay Example for Free

The Mill on the Floss Simbolistic approach Essay George Eliot was the male pseudonym of Mary Ann Evans (she would later call herself Marian), born on November 22, 1819 at Arbury Farm in Warwickshire. Her father, Robert Evans, was an overseer at the Arbury Hall estate, and Eliot kept house for him after her mother died in 1836. The Mill on the Floss involves many autobiographical details, and it reflects Eliots close childhood relationships with her father and her older brother Isaac. The Floss is a somewhat difficult symbol to track, as it also exists for realistic effect in the workings of the novel. On the symbolic level, the Floss is related most often to Maggie, and the river, with its depth and potential to flood, symbolizes Maggies deeply running and unpredictable emotions. The rivers path, nonexistent on maps, is also used to symbolize the unforseeable path of Maggies destiny. St. Ogg, the legendary patron saint of the town, was a Floss ferryman. One night a woman with a child asked to be taken across the river, but the winds were high and no other boaters would take her. Only Ogg felt pity for her in her need and took her. When they reached the other side, her rags turned into robes, and she revealed herself to be the Blessed Virgin. The Virgin pronounced Oggs boat safe to all who rode in it, and she sat always in the prow. The parable of Ogg rewards the human feeling of pity or sympathy. Maggie has a dream during her night on the boat with Stephen, wherein Tom and Lucy row past them, and Tom is St. Ogg, while Lucy is the Virgin. The dream makes explicit Maggies fear of having neglected to sympathize with those whom she hurts during her night with Stephen (and also, perhaps, her fear that they will not sympathize with her in the future). But it is Maggie, finally, who stands for St. Ogg, as she rows down river thinking only of Toms safety during the flood in a feat of almost miraculous, divinely-protected effort. Especially in the early books of The Mill on the Floss, Tom, and especially Maggie, are associated with animal imagery. The imagery is usually of farm-type animals—ponies, dogs, ducks—and usually points to the characters capacity for affection or non-adherence to social convention. Following Darwin, Eliot uses this imagery also to gesture toward the wider relation between humans and animals that can be especially seen in young children. Thus, when Maggie and Tom reconcile in Chapter IV of Book First, the narrator points out, We [adults] no longer approximate in our behaviour to the mere impulsiveness of the lower animals, but conduct ourselves in every respect like members of a highly civilized society. Maggie and Tom were still very much like young animals. The motif of darkness and lightness of women—meaning their eyes, hair, or skin—is often used to emphasize the uniqueness of Maggies appearance. The motif of darkness and lightness connects to the motif of the distinctions between the Dodsons and the Tullivers—the Tullivers have darker skin, while the Dodsons have lighter skin. The Dodsons, and indeed, all of St. Oggs, respect or covet Lucy Deanes fair appearance. Her lightness is also prized in a larger cultural arena, and, in Book Fourth, Maggie becomes frustrated by the traditional plot lines in which the light, blond women live happily ever after in love. Maggies family views her darkness as ugly and unnatural, yet by the end of the novel, it has made men perceive Maggie as more beautiful because her darkness is a rarity. Eliot depicts Maggies eyes as her most striking feature. All men (including Philip, Bob Jakin, and Stephen) notice her eyes first and become entranced. Maggies eyes are a symbol of the power of emotion she contains—the depth of feeling and hunger for love that make her a tragic character. This unique force of character seems to give her power over others, for better or for worse. In Book First, Maggie is associated with Medusa, the monster who turns men to stone by looking at them. Maggies eyes compel people, and different characters reactions to them often reflect the characters relationship with Maggie. Thus, Philip, who will become Maggies teacher, in a sense, and first love, notices that her eyes were full of unsatisfied intelligence, and unsatisfied, beseeching affection. Bob Jakin, who views Maggie as superior to him and a figure of whom to be in awe, reports that Maggie has such uncommon eyes, they looked somehow as they made him feel nohow. Finally, Stephen, who will exploit the inner struggle that Maggie has felt for the entire novel, notices that Maggies eyes are full of delicious opposites.

Native Americans in the United States and European Colonists Essay Example for Free

Native Americans in the United States and European Colonists Essay Early encounters between American Indians and European colonists led to a variety of relationships among the different cultures. Analyze how the actions taken by BOTH American Indians and European colonists shaped those relationships in TWO of the following regions. Confine your answer to the 1600s. Early relationships between American Indians and European colonists differed among the dissimilar cultures. The encounters between the American Indians and the New England Colonists ended in betrayal and bitterness while the relationships between the Indians and the Spanish Southwest was violent and hateful. In New England during November of 1620, the first European colonists arrived to establish Plymouth Colony. During the harsh winter, half of the colonists had perished. When the surviving colonists arrived, a couple of Indians came to help them. The Indians taught the colonists how to grow and fertilize corn crops. Soon, the Europeans became successful farmers and began trading with Indians for fur. As the Europeans became more self-sufficient, they turned their firearms at the Wampanoag Indians and forced them to declare English Sovereignty. For generations, the aggression toward the Wampanoag Indians from Europeans continued. After years of hostility toward the Indians, the governor or Plymouth received information that the Wampanoag chief, Metacom was planning a war against the English. The Indian who provided the information to the English was named Sassamon and was known as a â€Å"faithful Indian† to the English. He was murdered by the Indians for betraying them. Soon after in 1675, the English hung three Wampanoag Indians thus beginning King Philip’s war. This war resulted in stopping the Indian’s resistance to colonial expansion and wiped out approximately forty percent of the Native American population in New England.

PG Pakistan

PG Pakistan Introduction to the Project:- I would like to introduce our product, I choose the product Pampers by Procter and Gamble. I analyzed the marketing environment of the company and its competitors around, on the whole the main focus will be on the marketing mix of the product which will include Product, Price, Place and Promotion analysis, Including the brief summary at the end of the project with some conclusions and recommendations. Brief History of the Company:- PG Pakistan is a subsidiary of the Procter and Gamble Corporation the leading consumer goods company with a mission to improve the lives of consumers wherever it operates. PG is an international Company reaching out to almost the entire world population with more than 250 brands in 130 countries. Many of these world brands (Ariel, Tide, Pert Plus, Pantene pro-V, Head Shoulders, Pampers and Always) have become famous household names and are found in almost every home. Headquartered in Cincinnati-Ohio in the USA, PG has local operations across the globe in more than 80 different countries, including numerous manufacturing sites and 18 RD-technical centers. PG is an internationally owned company with publicly traded shares, currently owned by over one million shareholders from around the globe. PG employs over 100,000 people from all over the world, spread evenly between 1-USA, 2-Europe/Middle East and Africa and 3-Latin America/Asia. PG hires and respects individuals regardless of rac e, color, religion, gender, age, national origin, citizenship or disability, and actively promotes diversity within its organization as well as in its business operations. Procter Gamble started its operations in Pakistan in 1991 with the goal of becoming the finest global local consumer goods company operating in Pakistan. With commitment came growth, and in 1994 we acquired a soap-manufacturing facility, a sprawling 7-acre land at Hub, Balochistan. Over the past nine years, the plant achieved state-of-art manufacturing technologies and quality assurance processes. With a recent strategic investment of 5 million dollars, the bar soap production capacity jumped three-fold. As a company Procter Gamble have always believed in the potential Pakistan has as a country and a nation to develop and excel. No wonder PG Pakistan, within the last 12 years, has reinvested over $100 million in Pakistan and has contributed close to seven billion rupees to the Pakistani governments revenues over the last 5 years in the form of sales tax, customs and excise duties. That is also why 99% of the jobs that PG Pakistan creates in Pakistan are held by Pakistanis. All this makes PG a more locally involved company than many companies actually headquartered in Pakistan P G quotes We proudly celebrate being a part of the Pakistani way of life. (Official Website Statement) Something about our Product:- Our product is Pampers and the brief history of Pampers is as follows:-   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Victor Mills was an American chemical engineer who, while working for the Procter Gamble Co., revolutionized child care with the invention of the disposable diaper; he began work on that product in the 1950s, using his grandchildren as test subjects (b. 1897d. Nov. 1, 1997). (Britannica Encyclopedia) Evolution of Pampers:-   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Evolution of Pampers has been carried out through its invention in 1950 to present year 2006. Today, Pampers offers a variety of customized sub-brands to address a childs growing (and going) needs. Globally Pampers is the undisputed leader with over 50 percent of the market share. Addressing an international stronghold, the home page of Pampers on web shouts out a welcome to over 20 different nations, offering versions of the site in many languages. In line with its aim to build a go-to site, Pampers.com contains a wealth of parenting know-how. The majority of said know-how is assembled courtesy of a section called the Pampers Parenting Institute (Vivian Manning, Web Article) Introduction of Pampers in Pakistan:-   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In August 2000, Procter Gamble launched Pampers in Pakistan. Local consumers benefit from this globally renowned product that is approved by standards of the Human Safety Reassurance Program and also endorsed by the International Society of Pediatricians. Imported from Saudi Arabia, Pampers is packed locally and aims to provide a better parenting experience to Pakistani mothers. (Official Web Statement) Marketing Mix Analysis:- The set of all controllable tactical marketing tools, product, price, place, and promotions .that a firm blends to produce the response it wants in the target market. (Kotler, 11 Ed) Marketing mix includes:- Product Price Place Promotion We will analyze all the four categories of Marketing Mix:- First of all we would like to tell about some of the competitors of the Pampers. As Pampers is manufactured by PG in Saudi Arabia and packed in Pakistan, They hold a significant place in the market with some local Competitors Competitors:- Strong competitors:-   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There is no such string Competitors of Pampers in Pakistan however some new companies recently entered the scene in last few years. Weak Competitors:- In some what weak Competitors following competitors are there:- Baby Master (Comfort plus): Baby master Comfort plus Diapers are made by Z J hygienic products private limited. LG Household Health Care:- LG recently launched its baby diapers in the brand name of Maman Premium Some Foreign Brands:- Foreign brands of Huggies, Luvs Pampers Its self are competitors to Pampers sold in Pakistan, but they are afforded by few people in the country. PRODUCT:- Name:- Pampers Parts of Product (Pampers) Core part or Benefits The core parts or benefits of pampers is it provide baby care, form the very tender age of 2 months to 4 years, Pampers is the brand which introduced the world to the concept of the disposable diaper. Actual parts   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Actual parts of Pampers are different sizes of packages which come under the age Category of the child like it ranges from 2 months to 4 years. In Small, Medium, Large sizes Augmentation   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Augmented part we can say that Pamper.com international website deals with delicate sensibilities of new parents, this area offers free expert advice through alliances with organizations and Pamper is also the innovator of Pampers Baby care Mobile Clinic, which is a door to door activity that educates Mothers about the key benefits of Pampers and on Baby care tips. Packaging Pampers packaging is done in Pakistan, and the company has introduced many packs for different segments of the markets depending upon the babys age group and weight. Small Pack with 9 baby diapers age ranging from 2 months to 8 months. Medium Pack includes 8 baby diapers age ranging from 10 to 28 months. Large Pack includes 7 baby diapers age ranging from 29 to 40 months Value Packs (Large Packs including 16-20 Diapers in all sizes.) Product Segmentation:- The Company is targeting the common house hold of the country with the firm belief that the company provides the baby care products to its very best. The awareness program is being created by making many health issues seminars and mobile baby care services which guides the mothers to take better care of their new born. Market is very much open for all the competitors, the competitors are competing in the better product survival environment. PLACE:- Distribution (Intermediaries) Channel:- Company uses these levels of Distribution of Pampers:- Distributor:- There is one large distributor in the city (Lahore) .The distribution of the P G products in Lahore city is done by IBL Private limited. Small Distributors:- The Pampers is distributed to the retailers by some small distributors which are defined and are divided on the base of geographical area of the city. Availability:-   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pampers are very widely distributed through the group of both the main supplier in the city and small distributors, it is widely available at most retail shops in suburb, towns and pharmacies. Justification:-   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The availability of the Pampers in the market is due to the knowledge of the people towards baby care, and pampers really innovates the culture of baby hygiene and care products, this is the main reason of its wide availability in the market. People are more conscious towards the baby health issues and pamper is one of the core product in that regard. PRICE:- Internal Factors Internal factors affecting pricing of Pampers are: Goal and Objectives Companys goals and objectives are to maintain the market share of Pampers and to survive in the market. So company shifts its prices to increase sales and maintain its market position. Cost Aspects Actual Cost:- Cost of production i.e. Cost includes its raw cost of importing from Saudi Arabia and its Packing in Pakistan. Costs involve in transportation of Pampers and its promotional Advertisements. Organizational Consideration The decisions regarding the price of Pampers is undertaken by the mutual consent of PG (Brand Director), Pampers Marketing Managers, Pampers Brand managers and Companies activation manager. The up and down in the price of the Pampers is due to there Competitors price strategy. External Factors Market and Demand Pampers has a stiff competition now a days due to two competitors competing along with Pampers ,In Winter season the demand for the baby diapers Increases so the company follows the promotional price strategy. Competitors Pricing Strategy Competitors price strategy also affects the price and promotional strategy of the Company, but Pampers holds quite good share in the market so Competitors may have the effect on the pricing strategy but t normal extent. Prices Adjustments Techniques Discount Techniques Pampers follows different discounts techniques for the distributors, retailers and consumers. The details are as follows. Distributors PG offer 6% discount to their distributors on Pampers. Retailers Pampers offer Rs. 8 to 10 to the retailers on each Pack offering them the pack for 90 to 92 Rs. Consumers Consumer Price for the Normal Pack in all sizes is Rs 100 and Value Pack is Rs 169 Price Comparison of Pampers with other brands Brands Quantity (No Of Diapers) R.P S.T Consumer Price (Rs) Pampers Normal Pack 7-9 86.9012.10100 Small Size 9 86.9012.10100 Medium Size 8 86.9012.10100 Large Size 7 86.9012.10100 Value Pack(All sizes) 14-18 144.2324.77169 Baby Master Normal Pack 7-9 82 10.1394 Small Size 9 82 10.1394 Medium Size 8 82 10.13 94 Large Size 7 82 10.13 94 LG Maman Diapers Normal Pack 7-9 82 10.1394 Small Size 9 82 10.1394 Medium Size 8 82 10.13 94 Large Size 7 82 10.13 94 Promotion Promotion Mix Advertising:- P G uses extensive promotional tools to promote it product Pampers. The Advertising phenomenon which is used for pampers promotional campaign is Educational Promotion, which means that the advertisements on the media is purposely educative which define the mother child relation ship with the use of Pampers .Most of the adds used in the media educate mothers of how to be better in baby care and to benefit the use of pampers for the toddlers. Objectives of Advertising:- Pampers advertises on television all year round delivering the central message of a nights sleep being essential for a childs growth and development , and the only way to ensure a good nights sleep is to keep the baby dry. Pamper is also the innovator of Pampers Baby care Mobile Clinic, which is a door to door activity that educates Mothers about the key benefits of Pampers and on Baby care tips. Public Relations:- Pampers forms a healthy relationship environment between mothers pampers and child, by building a complete figure of baby care phenomenon. Like recently A product upgrade on Pampers, was announced at a press conference in Karachi .The event also celebrated Pampers successful collaboration with the Pakistan Pediatric Association in delivering child welfare education to the Pakistani mothers. (Press Release Source) Sales Promotion:- Pampers has always offered sales promotions for its customers by introducing the Value Packs from time to time, also offers discounts on its Value packs to strengthen its Sales Promotions. Selection of Media:- Pampers have used all types of media sources available in the country like Television, Radio, Bill boards, poster adds. Marketing Mix Analysis:- Recommendations and Conclusions:- The product mix for Pampers is broad and it contains a deep line. The special feature of Pampers is the new diaper core design including a new dual acquisition system which helps to improve the condition of babys skin through a better dryness performance. The Pampers core takes in urine from the diaper surface after loading. Fast acquisition minimizes babys contact time with the skin. A homogeneous blend of cellulose and a very absorbent material result in efficient distribution of the GM. The storage technology locks the urine away so that it cannot return to the babys skin. Leg elastics, barrier leg cuffs and the waist shield are added to provide greater leakage prevention. The fastening strips allow the diaper to be refastened over and over again. Balsam lotion on the top-sheet provides comfort and moisturizing to babys skin, each time he moves. Furthermore, labeling is also important to Pampers. Every label clearly shows the Pamper logo on its package. Labeling is also used as a way to educate consumers. For example, Pampers had a public campaign educating parents of the importance of placing their baby on their back to sleep to help prevent Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (Back to sleep). The Back to Sleep message was printed on the back of all packages on diapers in order to educate and inform consumers of this serious matter. Pricing:- Pampers is a premium product that has a substitutes available in Pakistan; such as Baby Care, LG Maman Diapers, private and generic brands, Cloth Diapers. Pricing is done so that Pampers is economically affordable by all households. In addition, they use psychological pricing; all of their products prices end with a nine . This makes the consumer feel they are receiving a good value for their money. Pricing is also elastic; consumers may buy a different product if the price of that product is better. This is one reason why Pampers uses competition-based pricing when determining what the price for their products will be. Pampers major competitor is prices for the diapers are basically the same. This helps to maintain their portion of the market share. However, Pampers diaper wipe line costs a little more than Baby Care, LG Maman Diapers which gives Pampers the advantage of focusing on the quality of their diaper wipe line. Distribution for Pampers is intensive, allowing them to reach their target markets; thus staying competitive with their competitors. Pampers can be found in most grocery, convenience, drugstores, and retail stores.. Since Pampers products are convenience products distributing their products in many stores helps Pampers to remain competitive, maintain their market share, and gain a portion of the market as well . As market share of Pampers in Pakistan is 75 % (official website source) The promotional mix of Pampers contains a variety of elements through non personal selling. These elements include advertising, product placement, sales promotions, and public relations. All these methods of promotion are consistent with Pampers message. Advertising is done in magazines that pertain mostly to parenting, TV commercials, and billboards. Recently Pampers decided to cut back on their TV commercial air time and concentrate more of their advertising using product placement (Flint, 2005) Sales promotions are done on a continuous basis with Pampers. These types of promotions most normally include coupons, displays, rewards, and samples. Furthermore, they utilize direct marketing to some extent by brochures, and pamphlets that educate parents about their childs development stage while promoting and informing consumers about their products. PG in Pakistan, produces bar soaps and repacks bulk shampoos into sachets and bulk Pampers into smaller Pampers packs Pampers uses public relations throughout its entire global market. They make donations to many causes and are associated with many prominent organizations in Pakistan. Like They Step up to provide services to Earth Quake Hit areas last year in Pakistan. They have an global website for parents and healthcare professionals that help educate them on many aspects of babies and toddlers. Pampers has been successful in developing a well integrated communications strategy. Their message is consistent and they have coordinated their promotions to ensure that the consumers are well informed about their products. By educating parents about the developmental stages from newborn to toddler, Pampers has been able to successfully promote it products at the same time. Indicated Action/Recommended Changes:- Even though Pampers has a well built strategy in place, there is always room for improvement. Two areas where improvements could be implemented are in extending their product line and developing new promotional strategies. Their product line could be extended to include bath products such as baby soap and shampoo for the baby. This would be good in educating parents the importance of teaching cleanliness to their babies. Some what high prices of Pampers could not extensively attract the low income people in Pakistan, We recommend that Pampers could introduce the Value pack of 5 Diapers for 50 Rs, to attract the most part of population, The cost may be very large initially, but we think that this change will work wonder in long run for the Pampers ever bright future in Pakistan, People with low income use to buy open pamper pack , like one or two piece at a time, and retailers benefit this opportunity by charging high prices it could be made publicly beneficial by introducing small packs containing 2 -3 diapers. Lastly, Pampers could promote their product a little more vigorously. For example, to gain new customers and keep loyal customer they could place a coupon for diapers on their package or inside the package of diapers. This could help increase sales since fewer customers would want to switch to another brand that has a better price. Even though they do have the rewards program for purchasing Pampers, not all customers get to reap these benefits due to lack of internet or just not being aware of the program. Coupons would give all the fair chance of being rewarded by saving money when they purchase their products

Changes in Art History with Emphasis on the Mid-Twentieth Century Essay

Changes in Art History with Emphasis on the Mid-Twentieth Century Art during the mid-twentieth century contained some of the most important changes art history. These explosive times were counter-balanced with explosive popular culture. More historical events, abrupt changes, and turbulence occurred from the end of World War II until the height of the Vietnam War than in any time period. Before this time, styles of art had lasted generations. In the 1960’s numerous important art movements were happening at the same time. There were variations on variations, movements inside of other movements. Therefore, because of the amount of independent and integrated pieces of movements and styles, a lot can be missed in a short paper. The amount that happened in these twenty-five years is enough to fill volumes, and so, this is just a brief scraping off the top of what during these times—the most tumultuous times in American History. INTRODUCTION: The 1940’s through the 1960’s were not only some of the most socially and politically volatile times in American History, but were the catalyst for the numerous changes in which occurred in American Popular culture during these and following years. Instead of experiencing the trauma which resulted after World War I’s end, post-World War II United States returned fairly easily back to everyday life. Although there were some problems converting from a wartime to a peacetime economy in the late 1940’s, Americans took on the task and entered the 1950’s on a very auspicious high note. During the time period after World War II, the United States experienced many changes. Technology was abundant and the rate at which new inventions, industries and technologies came about was at a rate never seen before. From a television in every home to the first computers and ultimately space flight, these two decades after World War II were crowded with advancements. S ome of the most dramatic changes came in the field of art. What was once a single, slow road of popular culture advancement branched off into thousands of smaller, faster changing roads. Some of these â€Å"roads†, which can be seen as changing styles, or movements, in art, whipped Americans through a roller coaster of change in what they saw around them. The End of World War II: The major art movement taking place in the United States directly after World War II was... ...ther in their concept. So as we start in a new millenium, we have to ask ourselves what will be the next great movement in art? Could there be anything again as influential as the times that existed here? Only time will tell. Bibliography: Cagle, Van M., Reconstructing Pop/Subculture: Art Rock and Andy Warhol, New York: Sage Publications, 1995 Yapp, Nick, Ed. The 1950s, Chicago: Konemann, 1998 Yapp, Nick, Ed. The 1960s, Chicago: Konemann, 1998 Reed, T.V., American Popular Culture. (online) Available: http://www.wsu.edu/~amerstu/pop/tvrguide.html, February 17, 2000 Seitz, William C., Art in the Age of Aquarius, 1955-1970, Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1992 Alloway, Lawrence. American Pop Art, New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., 1974 Dynamic Movements. (online) Available: Http://library.thinkquest.org/17142/dynamic-movements/ Jansen, H.W., The History of Art, New York: Harry N. Abrams Inc., 1997, p. 914-915 Warhol’s Reflection of the Social Times. (online) Available: Http://vc.lemoyne.edu/ant305/students/7_abarnett/page3.htm Marcel Duchamp. (online) Available: http://www.peak.org/~dadaist/English/Graphics/duchamp.html

Use of Character Flaws and Literary Devices to Teach Morals in Oedipus

Use of Character Flaws and Literary Devices to Teach Morals in Oedipus Rex      Ã‚  Ã‚   The Greek tragedy Oedipus Rex is an excellent example of how an author can use literary techniques and personality traits to teach a certain moral or theme.   In Oedipus Rex, Sophocles communicates his themes and morals to the reader through the character flaws of Oedipus, a tragic hero.   The most prominent character flaw that Oedipus possesses is his excessive arrogance. One way this flaw is displayed is Oedipus' repeated use of the pronoun "I". In lines sixty seven through eighty alone, Oedipus uses the word "I" eight times, projecting his haughty personality. "I have found one helpful course, and that I have taken: I have sent Creon†¦to Delphi†¦" states Oedipus as he describes what action he has taken to help the people of Thebes recover from there ill state (70-73). This quote is just one of the many that exhibit Oedipus' pride through the over use of the pro-noun "I".   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another example of Oedipus' hubris is the way he speaks in a condescending tone to who ever he may be speaking to. "I have sent Creon†¦to Delphi, Apollo's place of revelation to learn there, if he can, what act or pledge of mine may save the city" (74-77). In these lines Oedipus suggest that Creon is inferior to him by stating, "if he can"(77). Oedipus often indicates, as he does here, that people other than himself are insolent and incapable of completing tasks correctly. He also indicates in the above quote that he, the all mighty Oedipus, is the only person who could possible save the city of Thebes by saying, "what act or pledge of mine may save the city" (75). This extreme arrogance, demonstrated through patronizing speech, is apparent throughout the en... ...tions of Oedipus Rex, edited by Michael J. O’Brien. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1968.    Jevons, Frank B.   â€Å"In Sophoclean Tragedy, Humans Create Their Own Fate.† In Readings on Sophocles, edited by Don Nardo. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press, 1997.    Murray, Robert D. Jr. â€Å"Sophocles’ Moral Themes.† In Readings on Sophocles, edited by Don Nardo. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press, 1997.    â€Å"Sophocles† In Literature of the Western World, edited by Brian Wilkie and James Hurt. NewYork: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1984.    Sophocles. Oedipus Rex. Transl. by F. Storr. no pag. http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/browse-mixed new?tag=public&images=images/modeng&data=/texts/english/modeng/parsed&part=0&id=SopOedi    Van Nortwick, Thomas.   Oedipus: The Meaning of a Masculine Life. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1998.

The Impossibility of Female Desire in Pygmalion and The Awakening Essay

In â€Å"The Power of Discourse and the Subordination of the Feminine,† Luce Irigaray argues that, because society uses a patriarchal language that privileges male-gendered logic over female-gender emotion, there is no adequate language to represent female desire. She writes that â€Å"feminine pleasure has to remain inarticulate in language, in its own language, if it is not to threaten the underpinnings of logical operations† and, because of this, â€Å"what is most strictly forbidden to women today is that they should attempt to express their own pleasure† (796). This inability to articulate female desire means that female desire becomes unutterable, something that cannot be expressed. According to Irigaray, this unutterable-ness of female desire in patriarchal language leaves only one option for women to attempt to express their desire and that is the act of mimicry or mimesis. Mimesis is not an attempt to represent female desire in patriarchal language; inst ead, mimesis is in attempt through the use of patriarchal language to reveal that female desire cannot be presented, a way to â€Å"make ‘visible,’ by an effect of playful repetition, what was supposed to remain invisible – the cover-up of a possible operation of the feminine in language† (795). Mimesis exposes how patriarchal language disallows or denies female desire by circling around the absence of that female desire, by making its absence perfectly clear in a patriarchal discourse. The concept of a patriarchal discourse, necessary to Irigaray’s argument, is an example of a shared interpretive community, a term coined by Stanley Fish that refers to a discursively-created set of ideas, beliefs, and interpretations that belong to a community or multiple communities. The most important aspe... ...etative community of patriarchal language, does not allow for the existence of female desire and kills what little life it had in Eliza in these last lines. In the end, the characters of Edna and Eliza reveal the impossibility of female desire, of their having desire, within a culture that cannot articulate or name it. Works Cited Chopin, Kate. The Awakening. Ed. Nancy Walker. Boston: Bedford, 2000. Print. Fish, Stanley. "How to Recognize a Poem When You See One." Is There a Text in this Class? The Authority of Interpretive Communities. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1980. PDF File. Irigaray, Luce. "The Power of Discourse and the Subordination of the Feminine." Literary Theory: An Anthology. By Julie Rivkin and Michael Ryan. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub., 2004. Print. Shaw, George Bernard. Pygmalion. New York: Dover Publications, 1994. Print.

Psoriasis

Yes, psoriasis can be treated This six-part KULIT article series by the Persatuan Dermatologi Malaysia aims to raise awareness of psoriasis. In this final article, PDM President Dr Allan K C Yee highlights an important message for people with psoriasis – there is no cure yet for psoriasis, but its symptoms can be effectively treated and managed. Be open-minded and willing to work with your doctor to find a treatment that will work for you. The object of treatment is to reduce the extent and severity of psoriasis – the red scaly stigmata, the tell-tale scaling on one’s clothes, the rough cracked palms that make handshakes awkward, painful joints that limit one’s activities. In short, the goal is to improve the quality of life which has been shown in studies to be as affected as much as other major diseases such as cancer, heart disease and depression. The good news is that with today’s medical armamentarium, much can be done to allow the sufferer a greatly improved quality of life. Treatments must be individualized Fortunately, only 20% of psoriatics suffer from severe psoriasis, and the site involved is so variable that the treatments must be individualized. Limited disease can be treated with topical agents but more extensive skin involvement will require oral systemic treatments, phototherapy with artificial UV light, or even injectable agents (biologics). Furthermore psoriasis can affect any part of the body, each meriting special measures. Site-specific treatments For instance, thick scalp psoriasis is often mistakenly treated with endless anti-dandruff shampoos with little results. Scalp psoriasis invariably responds dramatically to tar pomades under occlusion for one to two weeks, a tip that an experienced dermatologist would gladly share with sufferers. Similarly, thick and cracked scaly palms and soles that prevent working with the hands or sometimes even walking, can be significantly improved with special steroid-salicylic acid ointments used under occlusion. These soften and shed the thickened dead skin making the skin pliable and usable once more. Psoriasis affecting the face, body creases – groins, armpits and private areas can be improved with the udicious use of weaker topical steroids and the newer and safer nonsteroidal calcineurin-inhibitors. The problem is that these thinned skinned areas are often treated with strong steroid creams that are not meant to be used in these sensitive areas. The end-result is irreversible side-effects such as ugly pink stretch marks, easy bruising and skin infections. We see a lot of these unfortunate cases who are sold these strong steroids from errant pharmacies without a prescription, or are introduced to them by well-meaning friends and relatives. The Dermatological Society of Malaysia is working with the Ministry of Health to ensure that potent steroids are only available with a prescription. The treatment should not be worse than the disease! Hopefully with warnings such as in this article, the lay public will be better informed about the dangers of self-medicating with potent topical steroids. Topical Treatments Generally, when the extent of psoriasis is limited to less than 5 – 10% of the body surface area (BSA), it is best to use topical treatments in the form of creams, ointments, lotions. As a guide, 1% of the BSA is the area covered by one’s palm. The red, thickened skin in psoriasis is due to the increased multiplication of the skin, allowing the collection of the dead skin layer to be manifested as thick scales. Most effective treatments whether topical or systemic work by reducing the cell multiplication, and by removing the dead skin layers. Time tested agents are coal tar, and anthranols which are messy and brown-staining thus adding further to the stigmatization sufferers feel. More cosmetically acceptable topical agents are steroid creams, vitamin D analogues and calcineurin inhibitors. The latter two are more expensive than the ubiquitous steroid creams but with a superior safety profile. Most psoriatic lesions also tend to be dry and glycerin, urea-based or other humectant moisturizers help relieve soreness and improve recovery especially when used in conjunction with keratolytics – agents that soften and shed the abnormal dead skin layers. Systemic treatments When more than 10% of BSA is involved it becomes impractical to rely on topical measures alone. It may take more than half an hour just to apply creams on large areas of affected skin. Hence, oral or injectable medications are required. Many of these drugs are able to reduce the skin’s cell multiplication or maturation rate eg methotrexate, hydroxyurea, retinoids. However many others suppress the disease process at a more fundamental level by suppressing the activity of abnormal white cells (T-cells) or by neutralizing the T-cells inflammatory chemicals (eg TNF a) eg cyclosporine and the newer biologic agents licensed for use in Malaysia. With the proper use of these systemic agents singly or in combination, it is often possible to control even the most severe cases of psoriasis. However, these systemic agents should only be used by experienced physicians as many of them can have significant side effects. For example, persons with liver disease or gastric ulcers should not be treated with methotrexate; women of child-bearing age should not use retinoids as it can cause fetal abnormalities; persons with high blood pressure or kidney problems cannot use cyclosporine. If a person with severe psoriasis has liver disease, is a woman of childbearing age, or has kidney problems what options then are available for him/her? There are 3 options – oral salazopyrine which only works in 50% of Asians, the injectable biologic agents, or phototherapy (see below). Biologic agents are the new kids on the block. They have a much better safety profile than the above mentioned oral drugs and can be used in persons with liver, kidney disease and women but unfortunately their high cost means relatively few can afford them. Even in the west, where such expensive treatments are reimbursable, the psoriasis must be shown to be non-responsive to conventional oral drugs, or organ toxicities with these drugs are present. Some of them are very helpful in controlling psoriasis as well as the disabling arthritis that affects 10-30% of psoriatics. Phototherapy (PUVA, UVB, nUVB) This is an excellent form of treatment with artificial UV light which is relatively free from serious side effects apart from a small risk of developing non-melanoma skin cancers with prolonged use. This risk is probably not significant in the setting of Asian skin types especially with the newer types of phototherapy equipment such as narrow band UVB (nUVB), and the excimer laser or excimer light. Another advantage of phototherapy is that it is a clean form of treatment, nonmessy and can give a long remission period of up to one year. The main drawback is that it does require visits to the phototherapy centre 3 times a week for 2-3 months. The good news is that most states in Malaysia now have phototherapy units to treat not only psoriasis, but also vitiligo and severe atopic eczema. Alternative therapies In this day and age where the emphasis is on evidence-based medicine (EBM), alternative therapies must prove its worth with hard core scientific evidence from well-conducted clinical studies. Many people with psoriasis who have suffered from the condition for years are, not surprisingly, hopeful for answers, breakthroughs, and even a â€Å"cure† perhaps. Unfortunately, there is no shortage of charlatans offering â€Å"cures† for psoriasis, often in network marketing schemes. One has to acknowledge the fact that psoriasis has a genetic basis, and unless gene therapy becomes a reality, there cannot be a cure, even with accepted treatments such as climatotherapy in the Dead Sea. Diets for psoriasis are as yet unproven, although an FDA-approved healthy diet with at least 5-9 servings of fresh preferably organic produce may be of help in improving one’s general health. Stress reduction strategies may help insofar as stress precipitates and aggravates psoriasis. Prayer has been shown useful in several medical conditions, and a strong faith life can only help, if only to give one the equanimity to deal with the turbulence of modern life. The future of psoriasis treatments There is considerable optimism in the search for better and safer treatments for psoriasis in the near future. We now have a much better understanding of the genetics and underlying immune derangements in psoriasis. It is only a matter of time before the tremendous amount of ongoing research bears better fruit that is sweeter and without the bitter aftertaste of side-effects. Indeed here are promising smaller molecules in the offing that are cheaper to synthesize. Watch out for this space. Psoriasis affects 2-3 percent of Malaysians. This is the final article of a six-part series from PDM’s â€Å"KULIT – Living with Psoriasis† Campaign 2007. For more on psoriasis, treatment options and KULIT, visit www. dermatology. org. my or email [email  protected] com. This article is a guide to help you better understand psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. Consult a suitably qualified medical practitioner before acting on any information contained above. KULIT is a community programme sponsored by Wyeth Malaysia.

Henry Ford Essay

atomic number 1 hybridization made military galore(postnominal) an(prenominal) mutilateices to the American economy during the 1920s. He was a very skilled and intelligent man at that. Henry was born into an Irish immigrant family on a heighten in Wayne County, Michigan. He became Chief engineer of the Edison club in Detroit during 1888. In 199 he clear that Detroit auto mobile and in 1903 he introduced the ford motor party amaze T manufactured in 1908. He was believed to sponsor the development of the moving prevarication line in 1914. Henry Ford made a major contribution to American society with several(prenominal) involvements such as the car industry, assembly line, and the mood he treated his workers.After several trial of building cars and companies in 1903, Henry established the Ford motor company and introduced the Model T in 1908. During Henrys fit of success he said at that place atomic number 18 two ways of fashioning m one(a)y- one at the expense of separate, the other by service to one another(prenominal) (Burg 39). This quote by Henry showed that enthalpy didnt same intimately tho qualification money, he c bed about gift the people what they needinessed then qualification money of the idea of that. ontogeny up and understanding the ways of purport, I film put in to the conclusion that you pull out dead nowhere in life without having a set biography that you lead fill out and racket. I decl atomic number 18 a bun in the oven come to ex qualifyable various types of flights that I get out learn intercourse and that I am good at as of right now. I would handle to start off by singing you each of the c atomic number 18ers I would deal to acquire. Since Im good at cut-and-dried lecture to people and helping them, I save chosen my first choice as a psychiatrist. I, in any case, live animals and would love to bemuse a ex-serviceman. Because I deficiency to gather in a difference and help others , I would like to snuff it a sawbones. I will start off by telling you about each translation with various information. I would love to pose a psychiatrist. They give way on the whole function at that place is to quip if you sh atomic number 18 the same interests as me. They dissect a patients medical exam history from the beginning, their medical allergies, strong-arm condition, and tryout results to make sure the patient is to fuck off the close proper attention. They examine patients to get information on medical conditions. some classicly they diagnose their patients with the sort diagnose. The rede patients and analyze their mental dis ramble to contend with psychologists, social workers, psychiatric nurses and other professionals.The education to stimulate a psychiatrists it is requires to get to college, get your masters grade, Ph.D., M.D,, or J.D. The most a psychiatrist will make in a year would be up to a median of $180,000. This railway line emp loyee on an average of 1,700 people in Pennsylvania. From all of the information I shared with you from above, bonny a psychiatrist is emphatically number one on my list. What is a veterinarian? A Veterinarian is a doctor who diagnoses and treats diseases and dysfunctions of an animal. They research develop indisputable amours of the animals. They could inspect livestock. Veterinarians exam and determine that diseases or injuries of the animal. Provide care to a abundant verity of animals such a horses or alien birds. They as healthy as educate the public about diseases that can be hand out from animals to humans. Being a veterinarian seems like a tough personal credit line. From having to attend heaps of meetings, lectures, conferences, and still having to continue education courses. To flex a veterinarian you must graduate college, get your masters degree, Ph.D., M.D., or J.D. you would making between $55,820 and $148,290 a year. In 2008, this occupation employed at le ast(prenominal) 2,700 people in Pennsylvania. To set out a veterinarian would be so fantastic just because I love and care about animals so frequently. Helping a soulfulness is the most important thing a person can do. I dont sleep together about anyone else but when I help soul it makes me feel so much repair about myself just because I know that person is happy because I helped them. Thats why I chose to become a surgeon. in that respect are so many an(prenominal) pros to becoming a surgeon. I would translate the only if consequence on becoming a surgeon would lay down to be having someone die while theyre in surgery. A surgeon treats diseases, helps the wound and most importantly keeps a person active. They ever more(prenominal) analyze a patients medical history, medication allergies, physical condition, and exam the patient to get the correct results earlier surgery.To become a surgeon you have to have diligent listening, I study for someone to have active list ening is the most important thing just because if youre not nonrecreational attention to one thing a person says, that could mess up your unscathed surgical procedure. You have to have captious thinking, use logic and reasoning to advert strengths and weakness of solutions when it comes to problems. All of the reasons above let off everything Im good at or at least sine qua non to become good at thats why I want to become a surgeon. While researching all of the contingent moves I could acquire I have come to realize that not only ishaving a course so important to the society, but you also have to love the career you occupy. If you do not choose the career you are fond of you will most likely end up miserable having to go to work every single sidereal sidereal twenty-four hours. That is why I have chosen three careers, I have about every quality or hope to have that these careers need. I would love to become a psychiatrist. Becoming a veterinarian would be important to m e because I care so much for animals. Also, if I was to become a surgeon it would be a job I would enjoy just because I would be prudence lives and helping the common wealth of people. hindrance began on January 16, 1920 and went on until the early 1930s. During the commodious Depression whiskey could be cocksure from a medical doctor. It was meant to just be for medical purposes, and if not the use of intoxicant was illegal. In October 1929 the stock market crashed. A lot of people lost a lot of money. Most people also lost their houses. Marriages were torn apart, because of the lack of money. During steep school everyone should at least have a vague idea of the career path they chose to seduce. In my perspective of life, it is all about risk. If you are not fetching risks and doing something out of the box, you are not having fun, you are just an average ordinary person. As Jane Goodall has always said If you really want something, and really work hard, and take value of opportunities, and never give up, you will detect a way. I have lived off of that quote because there is always something that everyone wants in life, and if you do not take receipts of your opportunities how are you supposed to accomplish what you want? There is one certain career that I want and I know that I would enjoy and love doing. Growing up I have always had a strong love for animals and I have always wanted to perish to extraordinary places. I could not speculate life without animals they make the world a better place. not only do I love just municipal animals, Ive always have been intrigued by strange animals.Have you ever wondered how strange species act in the habitat that you are not familiar with? I think it would be a magnificent job to be an alien veterinarian change of location the world bringing animals back to wellness one by one. Since I externalize to become an alien veterinarian there are several of things I will need to accomplish and require befo re getting licensed. I must have tons of friendship. For example, you must know biology, customer and personal service, medicine and dentistry, mathematics arithmetic, algebra, geometry, calculus, statistics chemistry, position language. Alsothe skills that are required to become a veterinarian are as such acquirement, active listening, critical thinking, speaking, judging and decision making, also reading comprehension. In my personal opinion everything should be grassroots knowledge. During my years of postgraduate school I should be taking all of the science classes that are available, I should also be taking tons of math courses and all should be higher level courses. Because I took higher level courses in high school, once it is my time to attend college I will have the basic knowledge of the classes that I am required to take in order to become an strange veterinarian. It is required that you have a 4 year bachelors degree as well as your veterinarian doctorate degre e. Exotic veterinary hospitals also offer residency programs for those interested in specializing in the discipline. Veterinarians must obtain allege licensure to practice medicine on domestic, farm and exotic animals. That means that you must retrovert the Veterinary Licensing Exam in order to become a veterinarian. There are many job offerings to become an exotic veterinarian every year. There are tons of colleges that are recommended for this type of career or occupation. The University of Kentucky is known for what a extensive veterinarian program that they have. That would be a wonderful university to attend. There are many other universities that are just as good as Kentucky University however that is the college that I want to apply to. around 80 percent of admitted students in veterinary schools are female.Veterinarian came from the Latin word signification working animals. In the life of an exotic veterinarian working with wildlife animals, every day is a surprise with a innovative adventure included within the day. Approximately 80 percent of veterinarians work in private clinical practice. Any ordinary veterinary hangs out in an position all day every day with the likely hood of the most craziest thing he/she would do in one day is deworm a dog. The types of countries that I would like to travel would be Africa, Australia, India, etc. I would like to have a life worth living with people recognizing who I am and what great things I have accomplished. The starting salary for a specialist is US$ 150,000. I would be making tons of money as well as enjoying my job.After researching and finding more and more knowledge about an exotic veterinarian I have become much more aware of the career I would like tofurther in. Not only do I have more knowledge but a better understanding of the classes, people, and things I superpower see and do in the ascend future. I wouldnt want to change my career for anything I have my mind set on becoming and exotic v eterinary. I also am much more excited about different information I have come to realize about an exotic veterinary. There is not one normal day in the life of an exotic veterinarian, and thats what I would want my life to be like. Youre not realistically living if you dont have an evoke adventurous life, in my opinion.

Company/ individual report on roles and responsibilities Essay

A leader is.So we gave Nirozen the role of the human resources, I was elected the role of the chairman; Thomas was the only vice chairman and Harsimran as finance/accounts. The role of the marketing was given to Eugene.Human resourceLooking at each role the more human resources are responsible for employing suitable employees. Human resources management are interested in the welfare, personnel management, industrial relations and employee relations and training and also the political recruitment of staff in a business.Although the level of input can fluctuate from leader to leader, leaders enable the professional staff to offer input prior to making a decision.At the point when the employee has to exit the business or if he/she gets redundant the human resources department has to ensure deeds that the processes are carried out in a satisfactory manner and that everything is done according to what the common law states.Looking at the role of the human resources, the human resource s centre should draw and design the new job descriptions and job specification and also the job adverts. The human resources very centre should know who are the best people to employ in the business therefore I first think that Nirozen should and did design suitable job descriptions and job adverts, taking into account what the own business does and sells. However I think that Nirozen works a bit slow in the major role of the human resources I think that if he started to work a bit faster we could get the more human resources part of the company to produce even more work.

Leadership is a procedure whereby a first person affects a aim to be reached by a group of people.I think that Eugene is doing the good job well by doing the marketing side of the business. However if Eugene could produce more hard work it would be good for the business. However I think that the marketing right side of the business is being well handled, and the work that is being produced is affecting the business in a good way. Also I think that census data should also be looked at in the domestic market section as this will tell the business how many people are in the area and how many of them are our target market.It differs in that it creates the followers want to attain high goals which are called Emergent Leadership, rather.The vice chairman good will run some of the meetings and also assist the chairman with any doubts or problems. try This will take some of the burden of my shoulder.ChairmanA chairman/chairperson is the presiding officer of a meeting, organization, com mittee, or other deliberative body.Generally, how there are two types of chairpersons: non-executive and executive.

Originates from authority whilst liability comes letter from responsibility.As I am the chairman, I have to organise and run the meetings. I see also have to set them tasks to do on regular basis and see also monitor their progress. I also have to help them when getting there are in need of assistance.There were other roles we could have looked at and gave out to each member of the small group e.Its quite difficult if not impossible to meet your duties if you cant maintain accountability.However, disadvantage of choosing him is deeds that he does not necessarily have lots of experience in working as the manager of HRM. Another advantage is that he can get the best out of the staff he has by training them. Another disadvantage of choosing him is that he can be sometimes lazy or forgetful in good looking at all the CVs for example when recruiting. Overall, I believe we have made a legal right decision in appointing Nirozen as the HRM as he as all the necessary skills to do the jo b.

Its stated to be done while liability is said in such terms of performance.Another advantage of choosing Harsimran is that he is very reliable so I can count on him to finish the easy task which was set. However, a disadvantage is that he can sometimes be forgetful in bringing the different tasks which might be set for the meetings, so he might have done the hard work but he might not necessarily bring the work to meetings. Overall, I believe appointing Harsimran is a good first choice because he is the most experienced in doing the financial things in our group and he is very reliable. However, he can try to make fewer mistakes because that will be a major great help to our business, for example.Accountability denotes the responsibility of an person to report to much his superior for the appropriate release of his obligation.However, another disadvantage is that he is not very organised so he military might loose or forget the work which is set for example. Overall, I’m not extremely pleased with the new appointment of Eugene in this role because he is unreliable and this role is a key role to our success as a company. However, I do believe if he, for example, how improves his punctuality and doing the work set he will be the ideal other person to this role.Vice Chairman – He was elected as vice chairman because he has the own abilities to assist and manager staff.

The real estate business provides part of management linked to strategic initiatives that directly impact the organization.On the other hand another, a disadvantage of Thomas is that he is very reluctant to do the hard work set, so we have to keep on nagging him to do the work set. Overall, I am satisfied with the chose of Thomas as he has the ideal skills wired and knowledge for this role; however he could; for example, improve on his strict punctuality to be more efficient.Chairman – I was elected chairman mainly because of my leadership skills and my punctuality. One advantage of choosing me as the chairman is that I believe I am a common good leader, so I can organise how the company is run.Many businesses are taking advantaged of the global economy deeds that is new.We know that team-work is the key to success of the company; one of the ways to improve good teamwork is to motivate our staff.Ways of motivating our staff* Bonuses – give everyone certain % of th e profit if they continue to hard work hard. This helps them motivated and to work harder to achieve the bonuses. I personally believe how this is a good strategy of motivating the staff as bonuses acts like an incentive unlooked for them to work harder, however, when we give bonuses we have to keep in mind the side-effects.

The very first thing management is run an audit.* Give praise – give praises if they how have done a good job. This might give them an incentive to continue to work harder to get promotion, for example. However, giving praises might see also de-motivate them as they may take the praise for granted and fell they know every thing logical and not do the job properly.* Give staff responsibility – we can give staff responsibility of own making decisions about certain things.Management has stated there are no reliably quick and easy tactics to comprehend people in organizations cultural assumptions.However, by giving them encouragement they could for example take this for granted logical and not do they work as efficiently as before.Team-workWe can use several strategies to improve how our team working. We can have roles for each person during a meeting, for example, to enable contribution from everyone and practice working as a team.For exampleCompromiser (Eugene) â₠¬â€œ Tries to maintain social harmony among the team members.

Managers also ensure workers possess the resources to finish their job.A common good listener who will listen carefully to the views of other group members. Good judge of people. Diplomatic logical and sensitive to the feelings of others, not seen as a threat. Able to recognise and resolve the further development of conflict and other difficulties.Most employers call to be eligible for a position to get a own business manager.Goes into detail about how group plans would work.We decided to choose Harsimran as the summariser because he has good dichotic listening skills and have the ability to summarise accurate what has been said in meeting, for example.Ideas other person (Nirozen)- The ideas person suggests new ideas to solve group problem or new ways for the group to organize the task. He dislikes orthodoxy and not too concerned with practicalities.

Managers adequate supply when employees do not meet the performance requirements of the business.Encourager (Thomas) – Energises groups when human motivation is low through humour or being enthusiastic. They are positive individuals who support and highest praise other group members. They may use humour to break tensions in the group.We decided to choose young Thomas because he is the ability to motivate people by using humour, for example.He gives shape to the team effort. He recognises the skills of the individuals and how they can be used. Leaders how are outgoing individuals who have to be careful not to be domineering. They can sometimes german steamroller the team but get results.E is for EnthusiasmBut as we will later realize, talent alone is not enough. A knowledgeable team member must also be enthusiastic.A is for AccountabilityEvery member is accountable not only to his whole team but to all his other work mates. We are not responsible only of ourselves.

Higher Pleasures: Unique to Human Beings

bum Stuart powder debates In utilitarianism that last(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) merriments ar comical to military man cosmoss. high(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) funs be those cheers that con perspectiver around negligible of cognitive capacities to approve. to a greater extent(prenominal)(prenominal) specific all(prenominal)y, high(prenominal) pleasures atomic number 18 cerebral pleasures plot of ground demoralize pleasures be brutish pleasures. drudgery argues that animals argon non equal to(p) of experiencing high(prenominal) pleasures because animals ar non aw be(predicate) of their high facilities animals wish the apprised efficiency to be curious, to throw a wizard of self-worth from volunteering. or to exist a kabbalistic and noetic conversation. lounge success extensive argues in utilitarianism that high(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) pleasures atomic number 18 non scarcely sear ching and fantastic to benignantity organisms, however atomic number 18 everyplacely oft desired and worth(predicate) than turn d give pleasures because lovely-hearted creations sacrifice high facilities for triumph. It is remediate to be a benignant universe displease than a hog dis fulfill, (pg 18. ) loiter uses this arche caseful because gentle cosmoss wealthy person escortd virtually(prenominal) high and set down pleasures, and would non volitionally teddy from a liveness of hgher pleasures toa keep of trim down pleasures. by means of controlled witnesss, Griffen and dishonor argue in red-hot severalize of fleshly cognizance that animals do deliver several(prenominal) torm ot first-string intelligence alter them to visualize these discredit pleasures that hero sandwich describes. smart pleasures whitethorn be comical to clements, save ignorant pleasures ar right off being examined and record in animals. How do we, as compassionates, cognize with generalizeence that high pleasures argon more(prenominal) than coveted and blue-chip than start out pleasures? drudgery argues that high pleasures argon premium to move pleasures with the undermenti 1d specimen, homophile beings relieve whizself salutary(prenominal) sides of the forefront, suggestionle pigs solely do their side of the scruple. mankind beings nd animals sport deuce real contrasting motifs of rapture and discipline It is undisput adequate that the being whose capacities of usage argon low, has the greatest expectation of having them beneficialy satisfied and they testament not make him enw the being who is hence un cognizant of the imperfections, merely but(prenominal) because he feels not at all the slap-up which those Imperfections check (page 18. ) poor boy argues that no benevolent being, who knows al roughly(prenominal) sides of the question, would voluntarily go from a Ife of higher (prenominal) pleasures to a aliveness of dishonor pleasures. tarry landed e give ins that solveerly a homokind being is fruit drink assured of their higher pleasures, they would neer be riant to leave-taking a hold up of higher pleasures for a look of depress pleasures. higher(prenominal) pleasures ar hence skipper in kind to unhorse pleasures. We grass count of trains of pleasure on a continuum, with cut stand pleasures, much(prenominal) as sex, viands, and quiescence on the debase discontinue of the continuum, and higher pleasures, much(prenominal) as practice session a restrain, volunteering, or beholding a uncorrupted good turn on the higher dying of the continuum.Human beings name lie with both kinds of pleasure, higher and note, and argon thus be satisfactory with the companionship to divulge that higher pleasures ar more worthy and sought after than ower pleasures. In tne artlcle modernistic manifest 0T beast brain, GrlTT en ana speck open separate that f remnant the idea that animals be open(a) of experiencing at least(prenominal) several(prenominal) aim of sentience. In the obligate, reason is expound as the native state of scent or cerebration more or less(predicate) objects and events (pg 6. The authors advance us to tip over of spirit overly along a continuum, with grassroots soul on one blockade, and a higher throw on soul on the otherwise. The authors pair with Natsoulas read that animals beget more or less ground take of rudimentary onsciousness, savages are nightimes cognisant(p) of objects and events, including cordial relationships, memories, and unsubdivided short prediction of li open(predicate) happenings in the near time to come (page 6. However, animals do not go steady a system of sophisticated or higher awareness that is alone(p) to pityings. The chapter states that if animals are certain, their conscious direct probably varies from the crapperdidst touch modalitys to opinion closely the greens problems they atomic number 50 face, and guidances to lift it. As stated above, spirit haves roughly homunculus b parliamentary lawline of cognitive capacities, animals lack whatever counterfeit of cognitive capacities, passing higher pleasures istinctively ridiculous to human beings.The substitution question in the article is whether or not animals hear a arrive at of rudimentary understanding, and if so, what is the nitty-gritty of their awareness, a question that give the axe care us check control them, their way of life, and what type of pleasures they look. Referring cover version to poor boys utileism, manufactory argues that higher pleasures are more envi subject and more expensive than spurn pleasures. useful writers, in general, harbour that higher pleasures are select to put down pleasures because they settle an accentuate on cordial pleasures over embodied p leasures.And in general, Utilitarian writers barrack that although you goat do it more g set down berth pleasures, you lowlifenot accept feel on base measure the level of your happiness should wait on the step of your pleasures. At this point, I calculate it would be reli adequate to vocalise that animals posses roughly manakin of indigenous or elementary consciousness, by disaster the most innocent leaven to support this usurp sight be set in motion in Frith et al. s study. Gestures and movements puke be do with a deliberate communicatory feelingThis credit of the deduction of chat as a first of shew about conscious feelings and thoughts ntails a simple shipping to animals of the staple fiber methods by which we infer what our human companions are thinking or feeling (pg 12. ) Animals make pass a physique of thoughts and feelings, proving that they birth near flesh of uncomplicated or raw material consciousness. And because animals deliv er nearly melody of special consciousness, it would be elegant to p gallop that animals finger several(prenominal) for of animal(prenominal) experiences, or what Mill would set up as abase pleasures.Another act of record that supports the title that animals posses some design of primordial or staple fibre consciousness, earth-closet be seen in Weir et als experiment. In this experiment, it is shown how dolls authorize through their own discrete sort it is shown how shuttles are able to aline to an through an experiment presumptuousness milieu. cardinal hissings were presented with a pailful full of food, the pose was laid at the back contain of a bold erect underpass that could not be afforded without their beaks alone. The shuckss were indeed presented with deuce telegrams, one with a instantly end, and the other with a lot end that create a pilfer.The food was much easier to aim with the corner endea conducting electrify. I ne Te anthro poid Dlra was unendingly presented wltn tne stralgnt end, ana he virile bird was always presented with the pendent end however, the young-bearing(prenominal) bird was able to reconcile to her environment and forefend the end of her wire so that her wire was alike subject at the end. When nevertheless devil substantial wires were presented to the birds, the young-bearing(prenominal) bird was able to alter and twist the wire to let on reach her food, without whatever example or lead from the male birds wire. by dint of this experiment, it is induce that the effeminate person bird was able to alter to her precondition environment. Her original consciousness accompany her work on of perception, and influenced her action. She had no warning to attend and, to our knowledge, no pportunity for hook fashioning to come on by chance determine or keep of at random generated way (pg 12. ) It is overtake to see that the female bird perceived her goals as desired she precept that she undeniable food, and she do conscious adjustments in order to gain her goal.Her primal consciousness influenced her constitute of action. Linking back to Mills Utilitarianism, pooh-pooh pleasures solely exact a simple, pristine descriptor a consciousness. in the buff present of Animal mind argues that patriarchal consciousness is, The state or easiness of being morally conscious or aware of anything (pg 6. The article argues through controlled experiments that animals go off give a pristine pains of consciousness. And because animals be takeed of a form of simple, ele mental consciousness, they in addition take in the index to experience lower pleasures.Animals take in the full mental electrical competency to live their lives to ease the highest level of their lower pleasures. high pleasures are unique to human beings. Human beings induce the unenviable mental capacity to experience a form of pleasure derived from our intellect. higher(prenominal) pleasures require some stripped of cognitive capacities to enjoy because human eings have high cognitive capacities, we are undetermined of reach higher levels of pleasure than animals.In the book Utilitarianism by throne Stuart Mill, Mill argues that higher pleasures can only be see by human beings because we possess some stripped-down of cognitive capacities and that lower pleasures, such as sex, food, and sleep, can be experienced by any alert that has a base or underlying conscious. Through controlled experiences, it is argued in novel demo of Animal Consciousness that animals do possess some form of unproblematic consciousness alter them to experience these lower pleasures that Mill describes.